As the most visible Berlin Wall checkpoint, Checkpoint Charlie was featured in movies[14] and books. A famous cafe and viewing place for Allied officials, armed forces and visitors alike, Cafe Adler ("Eagle Café"), was situated right on the checkpoint.
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The development of the infrastructure around the checkpoint was largely asymmetrical, reflecting the contrary priorities of East German and Western border authorities. During its 28-year active life, the infrastructure on the Eastern side was expanded to include not only the wall, watchtower and zig-zag barriers, but a multi-lane shed where cars and their occupants were checked. However, the Allied authority never erected any permanent buildings. A wooden shed was replaced during the 1980s by a larger metal structure, now displayed at the Allied Museum in western Berlin. Their reasoning was that they did not consider the inner Berlin sector boundary an international border and did not treat it as such.[citation needed]
Soon after the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, a stand-off occurred between US and Soviet tanks on either side of Checkpoint Charlie. It began on 22 October as a dispute over whether East German border guards were authorized to examine the travel documents of a US diplomat based in West Berlin named Allan Lightner heading to East Berlin to watch an opera show there, since according to the agreement between all four Allied powers occupying Germany, there was to be free movement for Allied forces in Berlin and that no German military forces from either West Germany or East Germany were to be based in the city, and moreover the Western Allies did not (initially) recognise the East German state and its right to remain in its self-declared capital of East Berlin. Instead, Allied forces only recognised the authority of the Soviets over East Berlin rather than their East German allies. By 27 October, ten Soviet and an equal number of American tanks stood 100 yards apart on either side of the checkpoint. This stand-off ended peacefully on 28 October following a US-Soviet understanding to withdraw tanks and reduce tensions. Discussions between US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and KGB spy Georgi Bolshakov played a vital role in realizing this tacit agreement.[15]
On 17 August 1962, a teenaged East German, Peter Fechter, was shot in the pelvis by East German guards while trying to escape from East Berlin. His body lay tangled in a barbed wire fence as he bled to death in full view of the world's media. He could not be rescued from West Berlin because he was a few metres inside the Soviet sector. East German border guards were reluctant to approach him for fear of provoking Western soldiers, one of whom had shot an East German border guard just days earlier. More than an hour later, Fechter's body was removed by the East German guards. A spontaneous demonstration formed on the American side of the checkpoint, protesting against the action of the East and the inaction of the West.[citation needed]
Although the wall was opened in November 1989 and the checkpoint booth removed on 22 June 1990,[17] the checkpoint remained an official crossing for foreigners and diplomats until German reunification in October 1990.
An open-air exhibit was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße give information about escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961. Also an overview of other important memorial sites and museums about the division of Germany and the wall is presented.[citation needed]
Developers demolished the East German checkpoint watchtower in 2000, to make way for offices and shops. The watchtower was the last surviving major original Checkpoint Charlie structure. The city tried to save the tower but failed, as it was not classified as a historic landmark.[citation needed] Yet, that development project was never realised. To this day,[when?] the area between Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße/Schützenstraße (the East German side of the border crossing) remains vacant, providing space for a number of temporary tourist and memorial uses. New plans since 2017 for a hotel on the site stirred a professional and political debate about appropriate development of the area. After the final listing of the site as a protected heritage area in 2018, plans were changed towards a more heritage-friendly approach.[19]
This document is an appendix to the W3C "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0". It provides a list of allcheckpoints from the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, organized by concept, as a checklistfor Web content developers. Please refer to the Guidelines documentfor introductory information, information about related documents, aglossary of terms, and more.This list may be used to review a page or site for accessibility.For each checkpoint, indicate whether the checkpoint has beensatisfied, has not been satisfied, or is not applicable.A list versionof the checkpoints is also available.This document has been produced as part of the Web Accessibility Initiative.The goal of the WAI Web ContentGuidelines Working Group is discussed in the Working Groupcharter.
The name Checkpoint Charlie comes from the NATO phonetic alphabet (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie). After the border crossings at Helmstedt-Marienborn (Alpha) and Dreilinden-Drewitz (Bravo), Checkpoint Charlie was the third checkpoint opened by the Allies in and around Berlin.
It became the most famous crossing point between East and West Germany. On 22 September 1961, Allied guards began registering members of the American, British and French forces before trips to East Berlin and foreign tourists could find out about their stay there. Once the checkpoint was designated a crossing point for members of the Allied armed forces, a month later in October 1961 it became the scene of a tank confrontation. American and Soviet tanks took up position and faced each other with weapons primed.
Tip: The augmented reality app Cold War Berlin brings this moment in history to life in three dimensions. You don't have to be on site at Checkpoint Charly to visualize the 3D model of the border crossing. Historical photos, films and radio reports complete the offer. You can download the app in German or English for free in all app stores.
Uri, a young officer, together with two soldiers under his command, are manning a checkpoint in the territories. Two women from the 'Watch' organization try to interfere with their work. Uri is confused as he receives an order to close the checkpoint because of a bomb threat amidst the women's screaming. An unpredictable outcome ensues....Director: Golan Rise
Previous studies have demonstrated that activated CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylate a plethora of effectors involved in checkpoints including: effectors that can lead to cell cycle delay (Cdc25A, Cdc25B and p53; Peng et al, 1997; Hirao et al, 2000; Zhao and Piwnica-Worms, 2001), DNA repair (BRCA1 and Rad51; Yarden et al, 2002; Sørensen et al, 2005), induction of apoptosis if the damage is irreparable (p53 and E2F1; Ahn et al, 2004) and chromatin remodelling (Tousled like kinase1/2; Groth et al, 2003).
DDR checkpoints can be classified generally into two parallel pathways that respond to diverse types of DNA-damaging agents. In the ATM/ATR-CHK1/CHK2-Cdc5s pathway (for reversible and fast response to DNA damage) CHK 1 is regarded as the key distal transducer. The second pathway is the p53-dependent pathway (for irreversible and slower response). In this pathway CHK1/CHK2, with ATM/ATR, phosphorylates p53 or Mdm2 to promote p53 stabilisation (Zhou and Bartek, 2004; Dai and Grant, 2010).
Cancer cells use intact DNA repair mechanisms to evade DNA damage induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, it was hypothesised that using agents that target DDR proteins including checkpoint kinases can enhance the effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and decrease resistance of cancer cells to this treatment modality (Verlinden et al, 2007). This approach is expected to be more effective in certain subtypes of cancer such as p53-deficient tumours. In normal cells, p53 induces G1 arrest in response to DNA damage, whereas tumour cells that are often p53-deficient are defective in G1 arrest; therefore, cancer cells, unlike normal cells, rely mainly on S or G2 checkpoints that are mediated by CHK1 (Chen et al, 2006). Currently, CHK1 represents one of the most attractive and potential target for anticancer drug development directed against the DDR network (Dai and Grant, 2010).
Using immunoblotting and subcellular fractionation techniques, Niida et al (2007) have detected CHK1 in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus at almost the same level, although its expression is decreased in the cytoplasm in the late S phase. They have found that pCHK1 at S317 is predominantly cytoplasmic in the early S phase and nuclear in the late S phase, whereas the expression of CHK1 phosphorylated at S345 is detected only in the cytoplasmic fraction. The findings of these authors and others (Wilsker et al, 2008) indicate that not only phosphorylation status but also phosphorylation site can affect subcellular localisation of CHK1. Niida et al (2007) suggested that pCHK1 at S345, but not at S317, might be important for cytoplasmic localisation of Chk1 during the S phase and that the mobility shift in CHK1, upon DNA damage, was observed only in the cytoplasm and the phosphorylation is critical for signal transducing to downstream target. In fission yeast it was reported that phosphorylation of CHK1 at ser345 appears to be required for checkpoint function, and this phosphorylation increases the pCHK1 in the nucleus through interaction with 14-3-3 protein (Dunaway et al, 2005). It was also hypothesised that the cytoplasmic expression of CHK1 may have a role in tumorigenesis through the DNA damage sensors and as a transducer for signal pathway, and take this action as a pathway for tumour survival (Bartek and Lukas, 2003; Harper and Elledge, 2007); however, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. 2ff7e9595c
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